Woolgar, Steven 1988 Science, the Very Idea. New York: Tavistock. Sociological case studies are most associated with the ethnographic traditions established at the University of Chicago during the first half of the twentieth century. The Chicago school's emphasis on case studies partly reflects the influence of Robert E. Park, who joined the Sociology Department in 1916 and later served as department chair. Park taught his students that case studies should emphasize how persons' lives and the organization of communities are shaped by general social processes and structures. For example, Park analyzed the ways in which cities develop as interrelated territories involving distinctive ways of life and opportunities. He described such territories as "natural areas" and stressed that they emerged based on social and economic competition. Silverman, David 1975 "Accounts of Organizations: Organizational 'Structures' and the Accounting Process." In John B. McKinlay, ed. Processing People: Cases in Organizational Behavior. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Smith, Dorothy E. 1987 The Everyday World as Problematic. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Such questions have given rise to many answers, but most of them involve analyzing case studies as narratives or stories that sociologists tell about themselves and others. For example, John van Maanen (1988) divides ethnographic writing into several types of "tales" involving different orientations to the persons described, readers, and authorship. Other analyses focus on the various rhetorical devices used by ethnographers to write their case studies (Bruyn 1966). Such rhetorical devices include metaphor, irony, paradox, synecdoche, and metonymy, which ethnographers use both to describe others and to cast their descriptions as objective and authoritative. Gubrium, Jaber F. 1992 Out of Control: Family Therapy and Domestic Disorder. Newbury Park, Calif. Sage. Many of the best-known and most influential sociological case studies done in the United States were conducted in the 1920s and 1930s by students and faculty members at the University of Chicago who were interested in the distinctive ways of life in diverse natural areas (e.g. Anderson 1923; Cressey 1932; Shaw 1930; Thomas 1923; Wirth 1928; and Zorbaugh 1929). While it was done later, H. M. Hughes's (1961) study of Janet Clark's life is also an example of the Chicago approach to case studies and urban life. Perhaps the best-known and most influential case study done in the early Chicago school tradition is William Whyte's (1943) Street Corner Society. a participant-observer study of a poor Italian-American community. The significance of the study is related to Whyte's use of his observations to identify and explicate some basic sociological issues involving social relations and social control in small groups. This is one way in which case studies may be used as a springboard for developing systematic, general, and formal sociological analyses. Hedbridge, Dick 1979 Subculture: The Meaning of Style. New York: London. Age-based communities have also emerged as subjects for case studies by sociologists. One focus in this literature involves the distinctive life circumstances and coping strategies of communities of older people. Arlie Hochshild's (1973) study of a group of widowed women as an "unexpected community" is an important example of this focus, as is Jennie Keith's (1977) analysis of the social construction of community in a retirement facility in France. Another approach to case-study research is Jaber Gubrium's (1993) analysis of the life stories told to him by a group of elderly nursing home residents. Equally significant are recent case studies of communities of young people, particularly of communities organized around shared interests in popular culture. A useful example is Sarah Thornton's (1996) case study of dance clubs and raves in London. Thornton's analysis extends traditional analysis of communities as subcultures by showing how this community was created and is maintained through the actions of (not so youthful) members of the London mass media. Gouldner, Alvin 1954 Patterns of Industrial Democracy. New York: Free Press. In addition to the changes discussed above essays on change is good, three other changes in case-studies research warrant special notice. They are the emergence of radical case studies, a focus on reality construction, and concern for the politics and poetics of writing case studies. The case-study approach is central to the feminist sociology of Dorothy E. Smith (1987). Smith treats case studies as points of entry for studying general social processes that shape persons' experiences and lives. Her approach to case studies emphasizes how the seemingly insignificant activities of everyday life are related by general social processes (such as patriarchy and market relationships) and how they help to perpetuate the processes. Smith describes, for example example discursive essay writing, how the commonplace activity of dining in a restaurant is organized within, and perpetuates, capitalist commodity relations. Smith's analysis might also be seen as an example of the general analytic strategy, which Michael Burawoy (1998) calls the "extended case method." This approach to case studies involves four major steps: Auto-ethnographers' concern for taking account of their own and others' experiences is extended in another trend in sociological case-studies research. This trend focuses on emotions as a basic and important aspect of social life. Many case studies done by sociologists of emotions deal with other persons' emotional experiences (Hochschild 1983; Katz 1988). Other sociologists, however, adopt a more auto-ethnographic strategy by treating their own lives and feelings as topics for sociological analysis. The sociologist's feelings become the case or part of the case under study. An important example of the latter approach to case studies is David Karp's (1996) discussion of his own experiences with depression, and his linking of them to the emotional experiences reported by other members of this community of sufferers. Anderson, Nels 1923 The Hobo. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. While many qualitative sociologists continue to work within the Chicago school and structural-functional traditions, several important developments have occurred in qualitative sociology in the past twenty-five years. For example, many of the case studies of ethnic communities done by early Chicago school sociologists deal with the problems and social organization of European-American communities. Many more recent case studies, on the other hand, explore these issues within the context of nonEuropean-American communities. Ruth Horowitz's (1983) case study of a Hispanic community and Elijah Anderson's (1990) research in an African-American community are major contributions to this development. Bruyn, Severyn T. 1966 The Human Perspective in Sociology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall. Hughes's study, which is subtitled The Autobiography of a Drug Addict. details the life experiences of Janet Clark, a young white woman living in a poor urban area. Hughes describes Ms. Clark as speaking from a marginal urban world made up of drugs and drug addicts, arrest and incarceration, and the urban "sporting" life. The book raises themes that were later systematized by Howard S. Becker (1963)—the person who conducted the interviews of Janet Clark—in developing his version of the labeling approach to the sociology of deviance. The labeling perspective emphasizes that deviance is not just a matter of rule breaking, but is always created through the official responses of others. It has had profound and enduring implications for how sociologists define, study, and analyze societal responses to rule-breaking behavior. Qualitative sociologists' interest in writing case studies may be part of a larger interdisciplinary movement involving social scientists and humanists. The movement is concerned with analyzing the rhetorics of social scientific inquiry (Nelson et al. 1987) as well as how to write better narratives. The latter issue is basic to efforts by British sociologists to develop new forms of writing that better reflect the ways in which their case studies are socially constructed (Woolgar 1988) and other sociologists' interest in developing alternatives to the logico-scientific writing style that better express their theoretical perspectives, political philosophies, and experiences (DeVault 1990; Richardson 1990). A related change in this area is some sociologists' interest in using performance art to represent their research data. For example college research paper example, Carolyn Ellis and Arthur Bochner (1992) have written a play about the experiences and dilemmas faced by women and their male partners in deciding whether to abort the woman's pregnancy. Ellis and Bochner state that this presentational form allows for a wider range of communication devices than does the usual textual approach to reporting case-study findings. Garfinkel, Harold 1967 Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall. A second source for radical case studies is feminist sociology. While it is diverse and includes members who hold many different political philosophies, all forms of feminist sociology are sensitive to the politics of human relationships. A major theme in feminist case studies involves the ways in which women's contributions to social relationships and institutions go unseen and unacknowledged. Feminist sociologists use case studies to call attention to women's contributions to society and analyze the political implications of their invisibility. A related concern involves analyzing relationships and activities that are typically treated as apolitical and private matters as matters of public concern. One way in which feminist sociologists do so is by treating aspects of their own lives as politically significant and making them matters for sociological analysis (McCall 1993). ——1983 The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. Richardson best sites for essays, Laurel 1990 "Narrative and Sociology." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 19:116–135. Sacks, Harvey, Emmanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson 1974 "A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation." Language 50:696–735. Social scientists use the understandings developed in case studies to introduce the general public to the unique ways of life or problems of communities, or both, to apply and build theories, and to develop policy interventions concerned with individual and social problems. Two classic examples of how case studies may be used to achieve these ends are Elliott Liebow's (1967) Tally's Corner and Helen MacGill Hughes's (1961) Fantastic Lodge. Liebow's book reports on his experiences as a participant-observer within a poor, male, African-American urban community. Liebow describes the practical problems faced by these men in living their everyday lives, and the practical strategies they used to deal with life's pressing problems. The study challenged many of the prevailing assumptions held by policy makers and academics during the 1960s, and has been used to reassess how the social service and mental health needs of inner city, minority groups are best addressed. An exemplary structural-functionalist case study is Rosabeth Moss Kanter's (1977) analysis of a multinational corporation, which she calls Indsco. The study examines how social relations in corporations are shaped by social structures which produce feelings of uncertainty and marginality among managers and secretaries. Kanter uses her case study to illustrate how gender segregation is produced and maintained in Indsco as secretaries and managers cope with the practical problems emergent from corporate power and opportunity structures. She also makes some practical suggestions for altering these structures in order to better address the needs of managers and secretaries, and to produce more egalitarian relations between corporate members. Many of Kanter's suggestions have been adopted by diverse American corporations. This is another way in which case studies may influence social policies. Zorbaugh, Harvey 1929 The Gold Coast and the Slum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Burawoy, Michael 1970 Manufacturing Consent. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Goffman the best way to start an essay, Erving 1959 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday. Gotthardt, M. (199). Killer cramps? Freaky flow? Cosmopolitan, 226 (4), 250-254. SPECIAL NOTES: This sample case study uses the "Patient-Symptoms-Plan" structure of organization and is a type of paper meant more for reporting on or studying an individual patient or client. It is written in APA style and is modeled after a fictional episode--with names changed and all actual dialogue from the show removed--on the once-popular television drama ER. The third area of results is which areas the women felt needed more emphasis. Overall, most women (60%) felt that one area needed more emphasis, but the results differed as to which area should be emphasized. While 25% felt nothing should be changed comparison essay write, 10% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on health, 15% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on sex, 10% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on career, 10% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on fashion, and 15% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on personal well-being. 15% of the women interviewed had no opinion. FREQUENCY OF ADVICE TAKEN This section presents the results of the treatment plan used in the study. After hearing all of the details, the courts agreed to allow Mubilajeh and Zhane to remain in the United States. Due to the psychoanalytic therapy process used by Dr. Dahl, our diagnosis of Mubilajeh's PTSD showed itself to be valid. Dr. Dahl's strategy was successful and Mubilajeh was able to remember the details of his traumatic experience. The next section discusses the present study. It explains how the sample was chosen, describes the instrument used, and analyzes the results. This study focused on young women’s opinions of popular women’s magazines and why women liked to read them or refused to read them. Pinhas, L. (1999). The effects of the ideal female beauty on mood and body satisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25 (2), 223-226. Plous, S. (1997). Racial and gender biases in magazine advertising. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21 (4), 627-644. The structure this paper uses is Etraugh, C. (1996). Changing attitudes about maternal employment in women's magazines. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 11 (2), 207-218. This section presents the treatment plan that was used for dealing with the client's problem. Also, this section will describe the results and outcome of how that process was applied. This plan took into consideration the severity of Mubilajeh's disorder with regard to his resistance to treatment. Henry, S. (1994). Juggling the frying pan and the fire. Social Science Journal, 21, 87-108. The following are the questions from the questionnaire administered: The following is a case study of a male client, Mubilajeh, suffering from a sexual disorder (impotence). Erectile disorder, the inability to have an erection or maintain one, is currently the most common sexual disorder among men (Hyde 468). One result of erectile disorder is that the man cannot engage in sexual intercourse. For many men, including this individual, psychological reactions to erectile disorder may be severe: embarrassment business communication essay writing, depression, and anxiety. The client was diagnosed and given an assessment with the goal of determining the factors. Through a process of discovery, the client's history finally revealed that the impotence was actually a result of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by a past experience. People with PTSD fear re-experiencing a traumatic event and sometimes are unable to remember certain aspects (Barlow 138). However, through psychoanalytic therapy, this client illustrates a successful recovery. Although much research has been done on women’s opinions of beauty magazines, the results have been inconclusive as to whether more women like the magazines and read them regularly or whether more women dislike the magazines and never read them. In the research reported here, I interviewed young women in order to determine which factors cause the opposing viewpoints of liking or disliking beauty magazines. I attempted to discover why women chose to read or refused to read these magazines. I expected to find a higher percentage of women who liked beauty magazines and regularly read them than those who disliked beauty magazines and never read them. Symptoms and Diagnosis Due to illegal entry into the United States. the immigration office demanded to hear Mubilajeh's whole story in court. Otherwise, Mubilajeh and his wife would be forced to leave the country. However, Mubilajeh could not remember anything from the incident. It was diagnosed that Mubilajeh was suffering from a posttraumatic stress disorder. Kaiser, K. (1989). The new women’s magazines. Cambridge. MA. Polity Press. In Nigeria. Mubilajeh became a well-known professional writer and an engineer. He later published a very controversial story that stirred considerable political debate. The Nigerian government felt the story could provide a cause for starting a revolution and threatened Mubilajeh, so he and his wife escaped to the United States. They moved to Philadelphia approximately four years ago and live in a one-bedroom apartment a mile from Mubilajeh's place of employment. Mubilajeh is a hard-working janitor in the emergency services department at St. John's hospital. Clark, R. (1987). Changing perceptions in sex and sexuality in traditional women’s magazines. New York. Greenwood Press. Ferguson. M. (1983). Forever feminine. London. Heinemann. Natural URL: www.tc.umn.edu/ jewel001/CollegeWriting/home.htm Marek, J. (1995). Women editing modernism. Lexington. KY. University Press of Kentucky. Hyde, J. & DeLarnater, I. (1997). Understanding Human Sexuality: Sexual Disorders (pp. 468-49 1). Madison: University of Wisconsin. by Laleh Yaghoubi Regarding APA bibliographies, in some versions of APA style, hanging indents are used; while in others, paragraph indents are used. This paper uses paragraph indents as requested by the companion sociology instructor. Lawrence, K. (1998). Men and women: attitudes toward and experiences with women's magazines. Journal of Sex Research, 24 (1), 161-169. Miller, C. (1987). Who talks like a women’s magazine? Journal of American Culture, 10, 1-9. Sample One: Basic Psychiatric Case Study Cognitive, Behavioral and Couple Therapy later used in the treatment process also provided successful results. Mubilajeh learned to overcome the fear and horror of his past traumatic experience. The anxiety caused by these emotions was gradually overcome, as was the sexual disorder. Only recently have psychologists and women’s studies enthusiasts begun to wonder what effects magazines with such articles may have on women. McCracken (1993) found that some women enjoy reading these articles because they “like to imagine that they can be like the women in the magazine -- beautiful, successful, etc.” (p. 6). Other women read beauty magazines simply for entertainment. One woman stated, “[The articles] are fun to laugh at because they are so far-fetched,” while another said, “I like to look at the fashions even though no one I know dresses like that and I know I never could” (McCracken mla guidelines for writing essays, 1993 life lessons for essays, p. 7). Other women read the magazines because they feel that the advice is helpful and informative (McCracken, 1993 significance of study in thesis, p. 6). McCracken (1993) stated, “Many readers experience a pseudo sense of community; the advice columns aid them with their problems and help assure them that other women experience similar difficulties (p. 6). During a standard room check/preparation one day childhood obesity essays, Nurse Elliot walked in and found Mubilajeh in the comer of an examination room. The room was in disarray. Mubilajeh had blood all over his hands and shirt. Nurse Elliot not only found surgical scissors in his hands, but also saw Zhane lying unconscious on the floor in front of him. Security was called and Mubilajeh was arrested. When Zhane finally became conscious from her coma, she explained that after shamefully confessing to Mubilajeh of her rape, she repeatedly struck herself with the surgical scissors. Mubilajeh was only trying to stop her. "He felt responsible for what happened to me. I felt ashamed, like I could never please him again," stated Zhane. Mubilajeh was temporarily released. 3 or more, 2, 1, Less than 1, Never OPINIONS OF THE CONTENTS Unless otherwise noted, sample papers do not necessarily meet all requirements an individual instructor or professional supervisor may have: ask your instructor or supervisor. In addition, the samples single spaced to save room; however, a proper manuscript given to an instructor or supervisor normally should be double spaced with margins set at or close to 1" unless another format has been requested. Snow, J. (1986). An analysis of weight and diet content in five women’s magazines. Journal of Obesity and Weight Regulation, 5 (4), 194-214. Case study: Erectile dysfunction from torture Klemp, K. (1999). Introducing Cosmo’s hot new sex position. Cosmopolitan, 226 (4), 208-212.
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