Sign Up Now! PRACTICE ACTIVITY . Reach around you right now. How many pieces of computer hardware can you touch without even getting out of your chair?
Hardware and software for video processing Software for voice stress analysis Hotel and automobile reservation system software Communication protocols from simple half-duplex to Microsoft Communication Protocols to satellite communications Biometric smart cards Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID) Software for multi-party negotiation Hardware and software for verification of printer cartridges Fingerprints for music files Embedded systems with a wide variety of microprocessors Dr. Nichols has a broad background across the breadth of computer technology. This is a partial listing of some technologies with which he has worked. 1. D. Knowles,Great historical enterprises. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Series, 10 (1958-1960). It is remarkable that major initiatives in the field of electronic historical editions — such as the Model Editions Partnership in the United States — in fact have as their goal to maintain general editorial principles in a new electronic environment. [17] In an illustrative prospectus on this cooperative link between seven American documentary editions, which include the The Papers of Henry Laurens and the Lincoln Papers. different combinations are outlined of texts, scholarly commentaries such as annotations and images of documents as models for future source editions. The authors elaborate in particular on the opportunity to enrich and expand documentary editions example of term paper for college, by for example using the possibility of offering different versions of a text — forms of transcribing; variants in the text — simultanuously, whereby the user is left with the choice of deciding what he or she wishes to appear on the screen. Also the possibility to sort documents according to the researcher's request — chronological or thematic — and to provide access to different types of annotated levels has been advocated. In this approach it is the refinement of the scholarly apparatus which enhances the possibilities to take advantage of the needs of different target-groups that is seen as the great gain in the electronic editing of historical sources. 6. For instance M-J. Kline, A Guide to Documentary Editing (Baltimore 1987, second rev. ed. 1988). Specialized journals: Documentary editing, published by the Association for Documentary Editing; Editio. International yearbook of scholarly editing. An attempt to solve this problem was made by means of an edition. [12] Between 1915 and 1994 our institute published a total of 21 volumes with summaries of the resolutions concerning the years 1579 up to and including 1624. Furthermore, references and annotations were made in this edition. But it would have been unattainable and irresponsible to continue with this policy without adapting it. The years 1625 up to and including 1651 comprise approximately 42,000 pages of text and would require approximately 60 years' work of an editor: an unrealistic perspective considering the means available. Applying strict selection criteria to reduce the size was not a serious option: this would have adversely affected the principle of 'comprehensiveness'. This is why three options were formulated each one of which was intended, with the help of information technology, to provide access to this gigantic source: 1) the compilation of an index of names of individuals, places and subjects that are mentioned in the resolutions linked to images of the original source together with an electronic search option; 2) the compilation of summaries of the resolutions in modern Dutch. The summaries should be searchable with the aid of a text-retrieval programme; 3) to make a transcription of the seventeenth century text. The transcription should be made searchable with the help of a text-retrieval programme. The Dutch Republic, which has been mentioned above, was a federal state consisting of seven highly sovereign states or provinces. The whole country was united by a few general governing bodies, of which the States General was the most important. All seven states were represented in this body. The authority of the States General lay in the area of executing foreign politics, deciding on matters of war and peace, defending the Dutch Republic at sea and on land, and monitoring the Dutch East Indies and West Indies Companies. New Netherland, the area along the Hudson River and the Delaware River, that was under Dutch control until 1664 and afterwards for a short time until 1674 when it fell definitively in British hands, was formally governed by this States General. Access to their resolutions is only available from 1651 onwards by means of a contemporary index in the first years and later publication of the resolutions. Up until 1651 there is no way to access the contents of this important historical source. Should the editor of a text not wish to demand too high a level of familiarity with the historical source on the part of the user, further assistance can be offered. First of all, a series of search options can be prepared, by means of several examples or as a systematic processing of the text. In this way, it could be indicated beforehand how to search in the resolutions of the seventeenth century States General for passages on, for example, how the army was financed. The more systematic the help that is offered to the user, for example by linking key words to concrete words in the text, the closer the resemblance to a conventional index, and the less time is gained in developing a source edition. A second solution is to attach a list of synonyms and preferably a thesaurus, in which the relationships between words from a certain category are set out, such as the relationship that could exist between the example mentioned above under 'poor house' and 'social welfare'. The problem is in fact that such lists of synonyms and thesauri exist for modern, but not for older forms of the language, and in any case not for Dutch. The editor would therefore have to create it himself. Such a task would be extremely useful and would be of great importance for everyone researching older texts, but it would also be a difficult, extensive and perhaps even impossible task. To summarize this paper in only a few words: the suggestion made here is that electronic historical editions can be developed within the current scholarly principles and standards cover letter o covering letter, can enhance the effectiveness of the disclosure of vast quantities of source material and perhaps even increase the efficiency of the editorial process. Each one of the three possibilities offers, in its own right english grammar essay test, a method to reduce the amount of work involved in disclosing 42,000 pages of text of the seventeenth century States General. Each option also gives an added value measured against criteria such as the efficiency of the work process and the effectiveness for the user. The first option — just an index together with an electronic search tool — offers access, but creates a great distance with the source, even if images of the source were added. The subjectivity of the individual preparing the index dissertation research writing, no matter how limited this might be thanks to, for example, guidelines, will never be completely satisfy the user who will therefore often wish to consult the source independently. The compilation of an index for this immense source is moreover, time-consuming and perhaps not so motivating for the persons who have to carry out the task and is therefore perhaps not the most preferable choice. The second option, the compilation of summaries with the aim of being able to consult them with the help of a text-retrieval programme, provides considerably more information for the user than the first-mentioned choice. Here too, subjectivity plays a role. The editor of the summaries can strive to maintain a substantial standardization for the use of words and meanings to make the text-retrieval programme as easy as possible to use. The third possibility brings the user closest to the source, but history essay proposal examples, as has been explained in great detail above help with writing my descriptive essay, the use of text-retrieval on transcriptions of seventeenth-century texts is by no means straightforward. One could suppose that this third option would without any doubt be the most time-saving and therefore the most efficient one (transcripts can be made by less trained and less expensive personnel while the editor would supervise the whole process), but the least effective for the user and could saddle him or her with a lot of work and bother. But in each of the three options, it should be stressed personal essay topics for higher, great care is taken to adhere as far as possible to the scholarly principles unique to historical editing. The text is disclosed in its entirety so that no refuge is sought in a constantly subjective selection within the historical source in order to save time. Furthermore, in every option an attempt is made to develop general access to the source. 3. G.G. Iggers, Historiography in the twentieth century. From scientific objectivity to the postmodern challenge (Hannover, Londen 1997). From this correspondence to and from William of Orange, approximately 3,500 letters were edited and published thirty years ago and were therefore known. Because it was patently obvious that the actual number must be far greater, our institute decided to establish a new research project [9]. The prospect of a text edition in printed format containing thousands of letters, often written in illegible handwriting, did not bear thinking about. This is why an inventory was decided upon rather than a full text edition. Archival research produced a harvest of approximately 10,000 letters write an essay sample, collected from about 80 archives in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, Poland, Denmark and Great Britain. Key points have been made about each and every letter found: the name of the correspondent and the recipient, the date, the status of the letter (e.g. draft, original, etc.) case studies in science and ethics, the archive where it is stored and a transcription of the first line (so that it can be recognized during an archival search). We could have left it at that, however, to further enhance the information, it was decided to add to each letter a brief description of its contents and any additional comments with regard to the letter. The plan was to publish the list of the 10,000 letters drawn up in this manner, altogether amounting to more than 2000 printed pages. To make this information accessible to the user an index of names and subjects would be added. The edition and publication of historical documents became a profession in its own right during the nineteenth century, just as the whole of historical science was going through a process of professionalization. History became a science. The quest for historical facts with the help of text critical rules had to contribute to 'objective' knowledge. Critical use of sources became the basis of this new approach. Consequently, there was a demand for reliable texts and free cv templates and cover letters, with an eye to the publication of sources, institutes were established and magnificent, bulky series of source editions came to light. The British historian, David Knowles, spoke of 'great historical enterprises' [1]. In Germany, the Monumenta historiae germanica. a series of documentary editions on medieval German history, set the example in 1819. Other series followed, such as the Rolls Series in England, the Collection des documents inédites sur l'histoire de France in France and the Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España in Spain. In The Netherlands, the Dutch government established a commission in 1902, now an institute, to publish the Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatiën (State's Historical Publications) sample essay of process essay, a series of historical editions that currently comprises almost 400 volumes [2] . Let me draw some conclusions. Historical editing has a long history and has been practised professionnaly since the nineteenth century. Research of sources and critical use of sources remain characteristics of the profession even in the considerably changed practice of history in the twentieth century. Documentary editions offer a helping hand to the researcher and the editors of documents have developed rules to satisfy the demands of source criticism. The application of computer technology offers, in this respect, excellent opportunities. Particular attention has been paid above to the disclosure of massive historical sources counting tens of thousands of pages of archival material. Three methods have been discussed: providing information about historical documents instead of editing them together with electronic search tools; applying electronic text-retrieval possibilities in running text; integrating images of the original documents in a source edition. It may be clear that these new approaches bring about great changes in historical editing. But these changes do not primarily involve the scholarly principles that form the very foundation of the editorial practice. In the examples mentioned, these principles still form the basis for an edition. William of Orange is one of the most important figures in Dutch and early modern European history. The American historian, John Lothrop Motley made him into a hero in the nineteenth century in his book entitled The Rise of the Dutch Republic. Born into the aristocracy (prince of Orange, count of Nassau etc.) and residing in the Netherlands that belonged to the kingdom of Spain, he led the Dutch Revolt against Philip II, the Habsburg King of Spain. The matters of contention lay in the field of government and religion, inasmuch as William of Orange defended provincial and local liberties and a tolerant religious attitude against the centralism and fanatical catholicism of the Spanish monarch. In order to protect the tiny Netherlands against the mighty Spanish kingdom, William of Orange attempted to win many foreign sovereigns over to his side including Queen Elizabeth I of England and the protestant German princes. To accomplish this he engaged in an extremely lengthy correspondence. In fact he discussed the issues concerning the Dutch Revolt not only with foreign sovereigns, but also with countless local figures of authority. This is why his correspondence is of such great importance to our understanding of the European relationships, the development of modern states, the financing of wars and the birth of a republic — the Dutch Republic — in a Europe of kings. In 1584 his life ended prematurely when he was the victim of a murder, masterminded by Spain. A: As of 2015, the Galaxy S6 by Samsung and the Asus Zenfone 5 are highly rated cellphones with Bluetooth capabilities. Both phones run on Google's Android op. Full Answer >
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