Greetings I am so glad I found your webpage, I really found you Chris Sizemore Wild Boy of Aveyron Anna O. Kitty Genovese His parents have tried to get him to go with them to a psychiatrist for an evaluation, but he refuses. He has accused them on several occasions of conspiring with the aliens to have him killed so they can remove his brain and put it inside one of their own. He has stopped attended classes altogether. He is now so far behind in his coursework that he will fail if something doesn’t change very soon. Jessica is a 28 year-old married female. She has a very demanding, high stress job as a second year medical resident in a large hospital. Jessica has always been a high achiever. She graduated with top honors in both college and medical school. She has very high standards for herself and can be very self-critical when she fails to meet them. Lately, she has struggled with significant feelings of worthlessness and shame due to her inability to perform as well as she always has in the past. For the past few weeks Jessica has felt unusually fatigued and found it increasingly difficult to concentrate at work. Her coworkers have noticed that she is often irritable and withdrawn writing papers help, which is quite different from her typically upbeat and friendly disposition. She has called in sick on several occasions, which is completely unlike her. On those days she stays in bed all day, watching TV or sleeping. Case studies use techniques such as personal interviews, direct observation, psychometric tests. and archival records to gather information. They are used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. However, they cannot be generalized to the overall population scientific literature review topics, as can experimental research, and they cannot provide predictive power, as can correlational research. Rather, they can provide extensive information for the development of new hypotheses for future testing, or about a rare or otherwise hard-to-study event or condition. As such, they are often seen in clinical research, where the treatment of a specific individual is monitored to determine what is effective. A case study in psychology is a descriptive research approach used to obtain in-depth information about a person, group, or phenomenon. It is different from survey research, which involves asking a group of participants questions through interviews or questionnaires. Cast studies also tend to be far more in-depth than observational research in that they use multiple measures or records and focus on a single subject. (A multiple-case design can be used in some instances.) Case studies may be prospective or retrospective; prospective studies feature criteria that are established and include additional cases that meet those criteria as they become available, while retrospective studies use criteria to select cases from historical records. Case studies also tend to use qualitative data, such as interviews, but may occasionally use quantitative data as well, like questionnaires. They are often seen in clinical research, where the treatment of a specific individual is monitored to determine what is effective. Although the case study provided a lot of information and insight into the case, it is argued that the published findings were greatly manipulated by Freud to support his theory. This is a known problem with case studies, as the researcher can become particularly biased toward the case as they are working with the patient usually for months, and therefore can publish biased results based on whether or not they like the patient and whether or not the findings support the theory. Another issue with case studies is that replication is extremely difficult as the information given in the original study will never directly match that in a follow up study. This makes the results unreliable and so they cannot be generalised to the wider target population. Case studies can give us very detailed accounts into specific situations, but they cannot always be trusted. For example, in the subject of privation two major case studies were analysed but had conflicting results – The case study on Genie who spent her first 13 years of life locked in a room found that after considerable education and assistance her language skills failed to reach normal adult level and social skills remained limited. However another case study on some twins who spent their first 7 years locked in a cellar obtained normal behaviour by age 14 and by 20 they had above average intelligence and had excellent relationships with their foster family. There is no way for us to determine whether this difference in learning ability is due to Genie possibly having a learning disorder, or whether it is to do with the length of time spent in privation or the presence of another human. These case studies give us an idea of the effects of privation but they cannot be generalised to every child who has experienced privation. References: Gleitman, Psychology (Eighth Edition) Although Case Studies have been largely criticised for not being scientific and for being unreliable, there are some instances where they have been incredibly beneficial to psychological theories. Classic case studies by Sigmund Freud such as Little Hans and Anna O have given psychologists information that has created what we know as psychology today. A less well known case study is that of the murder of Kitty Genovese, the findings from which were used to create and explain the ‘Bystander Effect’. This case study was carried out by Darley and Latane, after the murder of 28 year old Kitty Genovese, who was stabbed to death and then raped near her home in Queens, New York. Although Kitty’s screams were heard by her neighbours, not one of them intervened or tried to help. This lack of reaction from watching neighbours was so outrageous that it was reported in The New York Times. Prompted by this, John Darley and Bibb Latane decided to conduct research into diffusion of responsibility and the ‘Bystander effect’. Despite what is commonly believed, larger numbers of bystanders actually decrease the likelihood of someone stepping forward to help a victim. Reasons for this are believing that others will know what to do or believing that others will help. The Kitty Genovese case thus became a classic feature of social psychology textbooks. This is a clear example of a case study offering support for a theory; the reactions of the neighbours were completely natural and not forced. Although the results cannot be replicated, they offer detail and depth which cannot be created artificially. Another example in which case studies have been used to help psychologists understand memory is KF. Shallice & Warrington (1970) looked at KF, who had a motorbike accident, leaving him brain damaged. This had no effect upon his long term memory, but had a significant effect on parts of his short term memory; he forgot auditory information best custom college papers, rather than visual. This helped to support and develop the idea of the Working Memory Model. Shotland & Straw (1976). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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